Effects of age on cardiovascular responses to adrenaline in man

Sensitivity to toxicants is a major criterion for selecting organisms for bioassay testing. If a sensitive species is also abundant and occupies a role as prey for many other species within a community, then the species become a valuable tool in environmental monitoring. These features apply to larval midge Chironomus petiolatus in freshwater environments of central Chile. The youngest larval instar is the most sensitive and presents the additional feature of lower survival within control arenas, making it more difficult to discern toxicant-related mortality from background mortality. In this work, we perform acute bioassays with the three larval stages of C. petiolatus and K2Cr2O7 as reference toxicant, with the goal of selecting a particular instar as the best bioassay tool using two criteria: sensitivity and background mortality. Sensitivity is evaluated through Monte Carlo estimation of LC50 and background mortality through bootstrap resampling, and a final Bioassay Performance Index as the product of LC50 and background mortality. For this task we developed a new computationally intensive statistical algorithm. Results show that the best bioassay tool is not the youngest and most sensitive instar but an intermediate one.     

Effects of sodium chloride and relative humidity on growth and sporulation of moulds isolated from cured fish

1. The aim of this study was to determine plasma levels of N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide in normal subjects and in patients with essential hypertension, cardiac transplant and chronic renal failure, using radioimmunoassays directed towards the mid-portion pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (31-67) and pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (1-30) of the N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide (99-126). The circulating form(s) of the immunoreactive N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide in plasma extracts has been investigated using all three radioimmunoassays by means of gel filtration chromatography to further clarify the major immunoreactive molecular circulating form(s) of N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide in man. 2. The plasma level (mean +/- SEM) of N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (31-67) in the normal subjects was 547.2 +/- 32.7 pg/ml (n = 36) and was significantly elevated in patients with essential hypertension (730.2 +/- 72.3 pg/ml, P < 0.025, n = 39), in cardiac transplant recipients (3214.0 +/- 432.2 pg/ml, P < 0.001, n = 9) and in patients with chronic renal failure (3571.8 +/- 474.1 pg/ml, P < 0.001, n = 11). Plasma levels of N-terminal pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (1-30) and atrial natriuretic peptide were similarly elevated in the same patient groups when compared with the mean plasma values in the normal subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment of peritonitis complicated by multiple organ insufficiency

Comparison evaluation of the methods of treatment was based on the analysis of the results of management of 347 patients with general purulent decompensated peritonitis with polyorganic insufficiency. The efficacy of closed drainage in 98 patients, continuous flow irrigation (dialysis) in 126, stage programmed irrigation and inspection of the abdominal cavity in 99, and open drainage in 24 patients was compared. The causes of peritonitis were: complications after acute surgical diseases (in 156 cases), in planned operations (59), and in obstetrical and gynecological diseases (132). Most of the patients were brought to the clinic from other hospitals because of unsuccessful treatment of peritonitis and absence of means for performing hemodialysis and management of polyorganic insufficiency. The incidence of the last-named reached 71.0 to 91.0% in the different groups of patients. In monotypic complex treatment, stage programmed irrigation was marked by a much lesser number of abscesses and other complications and a lower mortality (20.2%) as compared to flow irrigation (30.0%, closed drainage (27.5%), and open (laparostomy) treatment (37.5%). Despite the very serious contingent of patients, total mortality (27.0%) in the application of the indicated methods was quite low.     

Expansion in bioreactors of human progenitor populations from cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) and mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) provide an alternate source to bone marrow for transplantation. Expansion in vitro of stem/progenitor cell populations from these sources may provide adult-sized grafts otherwise not attainable because of the limited cell numbers available in the case of UCB or because of numerous rounds of apheresis required for sufficient MPB cells. We asked whether continuous perfusion culture could be employed in ex vivo expansion to produce clinically relevant numbers of stem/progenitor cells from these sources. To evaluate MPB, 1-10 million leukocytes, from patients who had received either granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), were inoculated into bioreactors, with or without irradiated, allogeneic stroma. The growth factor combination in the perfusion medium consisted of interleukin-3 (IL-3), stem cell factor (SCF), GM-CSF and erythropoietin (Epo). Under the best conditions tested, total cell numbers, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM), and long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) populations were expanded by about 50-, 80-, and 20-fold, respectively, over 14 days. At low cell inocula (1 million), the presence of stroma enhanced the expansion of total cells and CFU-GM but not of LTC-IC. When SCF was not included in the medium, both total cells and CFU-GM expanded to a much lesser extent, but again the expansion of LTC-IC was not affected. At the higher cell inoculum (10 million), expansions of total cells and CFU-GM were equivalent with or without stroma. To evaluate UCB, cells were placed into bioreactors with or without irradiated, allogeneic stroma, and the bioreactors were perfused with medium containing the four standard growth factors. After 6-14 days, in several independent experiments, 20-24 million cells were harvested from bioreactors perfused with SCF-containing medium, irrespective of the presence or absence of preformed stroma. Similarly, in reactors perfused with SCF-containing medium (with or without stroma), an average 40- to 60-fold expansion of CFU-GM was obtained, yielding an average of 1.5-1.8 x 10(5) CFU-GM per reactor. Harvested cells were thus up to 40-fold enriched in CFU-GM in comparison to the inoculum. In the absence of SCF, cell expansions averaged 1.5- to 2-fold, and CFU-GM were expanded only 10- to 14-fold by day 14. As before, the presence of preformed stroma did not affect either cell or CFU-GM yields, provided the cell inoculum was at least 4.5 million cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Symptom correlates of attentional improvement following hospitalization for a first episode of affective psychosis

BACKGROUND: This study examined patients with a first-episode of affective psychosis during acute and compensated states in order to determine whether changes in attentional functioning over time were accompanied by changes in the severity of psychotic or affective symptoms. METHODS: Attentional performance was measured in patients (n = 27) using the degraded-stimulus continuous Performance Test (CPT) and symptoms were assessed at the time of index hospitalization, and 2 months after discharge. A comparison group of normal volunteers (n = 31) also performed the CPT two months apart. RESULTS: Patients performed significantly worse than controls at the initial testing but not at follow-up. The improvement in attentional performance significantly correlated with decreased severity of manic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest attentional dysfunction is a state-dependent characteristic of mania, and may provide an additional measure of clinical improvement following treatment.     

Tips and tricks: the hard way--ABCs of quadriplegia care

The following are things I have learned, routines my nurses have brought to me, or that we have developed together during 11-years existence with amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) eight of which have been burdened by ALS induced quadriplegia and ventilator dependence. Items are listed, not in order of importance, which may vary from individual to individual, but alphabetically. Some are unique. Some commonplace. All are useful and many are of surprising value. Deviations from common understanding or practice are marked with an asterisk, and practices that can afford significant economies are double asterisked. This is written in an attempt to share with others in the profession lessons I have learned from personal experience--the hard way.     

Autonomic paroxysms: their pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

In the article the rules about etiology and pathogenesis of vegetative paroxysms are stated based on careful analysis of the publications of researches as Russian, so foreign authors, and also own experimental and clinical supervision. During experimental and clinical researches the modern methods were used, enabling to estimate from positions of the system analysis different parts of pathogenesis of vegetative paroxysms, and also to offer ways of differential diagnostics of the various forms of disease. The application of some new preparations and direction of therapy of vegetative paroxysms are substantiated, and also the various circuits of treatment of the patients with distinguishing forms of given pathology are motivated.     

The challenge and importance of defining critical limb ischemia

Thrombolytic therapy (TT) modifies the natural history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diminishing morbi-mortality rate. In recent studies, modification of infusion velocity, decreased the mortality 10 percentage points. OBJECTIVE: Test if rt PA administration over an hour is safe and practical. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, cooperative trial during 3 years, included patients with AMI with less than 6 hours of the onset of symptoms that received rt-PA therapy. Initially 10 mg bolus and then 90 mg over 60 minutes period. Together with the administration of rt-PA, 5000 units of heparin was given, followed by 1000 units per hour adjusted to keep PTT at 1.5 to 2 times normal. All patients received aspirin and according of the evolution adjuvant therapy. We defined bleeding complications and/or cerebrovascular accident related to thrombolytic therapy. RESULTS: We included 225 patients who received rt-PA. Average age was 57.1 +/- 22.2 years, 78.7% males and 21.3% females. Arrival time at hospital was 2.93 +/- 1.7 hours. 82.2% were in class I-II by NYHA. 59.2% had anterior wall location and 32.4% posterior-inferior wall 80% had reperfusion criteria. Only 7.1% required transfusion and 0.4% presented CNS bleeding. The survival rate was 95.2%. The mortality had no relation with bleeding. CONCLUSION: Fast infusion is an effective and safe method. Transfusion requirements are no greater, and CNS bleeding was noted in 0.4% of the cases.     

Comparison of clinical diagnosis and standard laboratory and molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho: association with human immunodeficiency virus infection

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) assay for Haemophilus ducreyi, Treponema pallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) was compared with clinical and standard laboratory methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease (GUD) in 105 patients; 36% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive. Chancroid (80%), syphilis (8%), and genital herpes (8%) were the most frequent diagnoses. H. ducreyi and HSV were isolated from ulcers of 43% and 18% of patients, respectively; in 35%, all cultures were negative and the laboratory diagnosis indeterminate. M-PCR detected H. ducreyi, T. pallidum, and HSV in 56%, 23%, and 26% of patients, respectively; (no definitive diagnosis, 6%). The proportion of patients with more than one agent was 4% by culture and 17% by M-PCR (P = .002). Resolved sensitivities of M-PCR for H. ducreyi and HSV cultures were 95% and 93%, respectively. The sensitivities of H. ducreyi and HSV cultures were 75% and 60%, respectively. HSV, detected in 47% of specimens from HIV-infected versus 16% from HIV-uninfected patients (P < .001), may be emerging as a more frequent cause of GUD.